Stanisława Walasiewicz

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Olympic medal record
Women's athletics
Gold	1932 Los Angeles	100 m
Silver	1936 Berlin	100 m

Stanisława Walasiewicz (1911 — 1980) was a Polish born Polish and American athlete and an Olympic champion.

Walasiewicz was born April 3<ref name="birth">Some sources also cite April 7 and April 11</ref>, 1911 in Wierzchownia near Rypin, Poland. Her family emigrated to the United States when she was only three months old. Her father, Julian Walasiewicz, settled in Cleveland where he found a job as a steel mill worker<ref name="Snochowska-Gonzales">(Polish) Klaudia Snochowska-Gonzales (August 2004). "Walasiewicz była kobietą (Walasiewicz Was a Woman)". Gazeta Wyborcza 190 (2004-08-14): 8. Retrieved on 2006-05-31.</ref>. Her family called her Stasia, a common Polish diminutive of her Christian name, which later gave birth to the American version of her name Stella<ref name="Snochowska-Gonzales"/>.

She started her athletic career in a public school in Cleveland. Fast and agile, in 1927 she easily won the competition for a place in the American Olympic team started by the Cleveland Press newspaper. However, Walasiewicz was not an American citizen and could not obtain one under the age of 21<ref name="Snochowska-Gonzales"/>. However, after the success of Halina Konopacka, a Polish athlete who won gold in the discus throw at the 1928 Summer Olympics inspired Walasiewicz to join the local branch of Sokół, a Polish sports and patriotic organization active also among the Polish diaspora. During the Pan-Slavic Slet of Sokół movement in Poznań she scored her first major international victories. She won 5 gold medals: in running for 60, 100, 200 and 400 metres, as well as long jump<ref name="Snochowska-Gonzales"/>. She was asked to stay in Poland and join the Polish national athletic team. She also continued to run in various American challenges and games.

In the late 1920's she was already a well-known athlete. As an amateur she was also working as a clerk in Cleveland. While still not a US citizen, Walasiewicz did participate in, and won, numerous American national championships, usually under the name of Stella Walsh. For her part in inter-state athletic championships the city of Cleveland awarded her with a car<ref name="Snochowska-Gonzales">. She was finally offered American citizenship, probably under insistence of the Amateur Athletic Union, whose members envisioned Walasiewicz - or Stella Walsh as she was referred to in the USA - as a future gold medalist at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. However, just two days prior to her Oath of Citizenship she changed her mind and instead adopted Polish citizenship, offered to her by the Polish consulate in New York<ref name="Snochowska-Gonzales"/><ref name="Citizenship">At the time of Walasiewicz's birth Poland has been under partitions and she was officially a citizen of the Russian Empire, even though the state ceased to exist in the effect of the Russian Civil War</ref>. In 1930 she was chosen the most popular Polish athlete by the readers of the Przegląd Sportowy (Sports Review) daily<ref name="Przegląd Sportowy">http://www.ozarow.maz.pl/ozarowianka/plebiscyt.htm</ref>.

In the 1932 Summer Olympics she represented Poland. In both the heats and the semi-finals of the 100 m, Walasiewicz equalled the current world record of 11.9 seconds, a feat she repeated in the final, which she won. The same day, she also finished 6th out of 9 in the discus throw event<ref name="PKOl">Polish Olympic Committee (corporate author) (2005). Los Angales - 1932.08.02 (sic!). Polski Portal Olimpijski PKOl. Polish Olympic Committee. Retrieved on 2006-06-01.</ref>. Upon her return to Poland she almost instantly became one of the best-known personalities. She was welcomed by gigantic crowds in the port of Gdynia and a few days later she was awarded with the Golden Cross of Merit for her achievements. She was also again chosen the most popular Polish person related to sports<ref name="Przegląd Sportowy"/> - and held that title for three years.

She started the following season of 1933 with an injury, which made her abandon the plans of running in the Polish Skating Championships. However, she quickly recovered and returned to active career with a failed run in Prague. In the spring however she appeared at the Championships of Warsaw, where he seized 9 gold medals, including one for 80 metres hurdling, one for 4x200 relay, and one for long jump<ref name="Bazylow">(Polish) Krzysztof Bazylow (2004-10-25). 1933 - STANISŁAWA WALASIEWICZ. sports.pl. Retrieved on 2006-06-01.</ref>. On September 17 in Poznań she beat two world records in one day: 7.4 seconds for 60 m and 11.8 seconds for 100. A week later in Lwów she beat her own lifetime record of 7.3 for 60 m<ref name="Bazylow"/>. Her Olympic success also won her a scholarship at the Warsaw Institute of Physical Education, where she met with some of the most notable Polish athletes of the epoch, including Jadwiga Wajs, Feliksa Schabińska, Maria Kwaśniewska and Janusz Kusociński.

In the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, she attempted to defend her Olympic title, but, as the World Record holder by now, she was beaten to the title by Helen Stephens of the USA. She came second in 11.7 seconds. Ironically in hindsight, Stephens was accused of being male and forced to submit to a genital inspection to prove otherwise. After the Olympic Games Walasiewicz declared her plans to retire from active sports career, but changed her mind<ref name="Snochowska-Gonzales"/> and instead moved to the US, where she resumed her amateur career there. During and after the World War II she continued to appear at various championships, but the days of her spectacular successes were mostly over. After the war Poland had been overrun by the Soviet Union and Walasiewicz decided to stay in the United States. In 1947 she finally accepted American citizenship and married boxer Neil Olson. Although the marriage did not last long, she continued to use the name of Stella Walsh Olson for the rest of her life. She won her last US title at age forty, in 1951. She was inducted into the U.S. Track and Field Hall of Fame in 1975.

After her retirement she continued to be active in a variety of Polish sport associations in the USA, where she organized championships and helped young athletes. She also funded a variety of awards for Polish sports people living in America.

Walsh was a bystander in an armed robbery in Cleveland, Ohio on December 4, 1980, and was killed, aged 69. An autopsy showed that she possessed male<ref name="AP">(English) Associated Press (corporate author) (January 1981). "Report Says Stella Walsh; Had Male Sex Organs". The New York Times (1981-01-23). Retrieved on 2006-05-31.</ref><ref name="Britannica">(English) Walasiewicz, Stanislawa. (2006). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved June 1, 2006</ref> genitalia, although some sources suggest she also displayed some female characteristics.<ref name="Słonimski">(Polish) Piotr Słonimski (November 2002). "Co ma wirus do płci (On Viruses and Gender)". Rzeczpospolita 266 (2002-11-15). Retrieved on 2006-06-01.</ref> Detailed investigation has also revealed that she had the XY pair of chromosomes<ref name="Snochowska-Gonzales"/>.

A controversy on her gender remains unsolved, as the situation is further complicated by the fact that many earlier documents, including her birth record, state she was a woman<ref name="Snochowska-Gonzales"/>. There was also some controversy whether all her records and achievements should be erased<ref name="Smith">(English) Cecil Smith, various authors (1998). “History of Canadian Track and Field and Road Running”, Charles J. Humber: Canada Heirloom Series. Mississauga: Heirloom Publishing, 344-349. ISBN. Retrieved on 2006-06-01.</ref><ref name="Snochowska-Gonzales"/>, but in the end neither the International Olympic Committee nor the IAAF commented on the matter ^{[citation needed]}.

The case of Stanisława Walasiewicz is often regarded as one of the reasons why the IOC has gradually dropped the gender determination tests<ref name="Snochowska-Gonzales"/>. In the end, such a requirement was dropped prior to the 2000 Summer Olympics, as it was found that the genetic gender is not necessarily equal to social or biological gender. ^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Records

Throughout her life, Walasiewicz set over 100 national and world records, including 51 Polish records, 18 world records, and 8 European records. Her European record for 100 yards remains unbeaten as of 2006, although races measured in yards are rare today.