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For the process of removing or killing all microorganisms from an object, see Sterilization (microbiology).

Surgical Sterilization
Background
B.C. type	Sterilization
First use	?
Failure rates (per year)
Perfect use	under 1%
Typical use	under 1%
Usage
Reversibility	For vasectomy & tubal ligation may be possible
User reminders	3 negative semen samples required following vasectomy
Clinic review	None
Advantages
Benefits	Permanent methods that require no further user actions
Disadvantages
STD protection	No

Sterilization is a surgical technique leaving a male or female unable to procreate. It is a method of birth control. For non-surgical causes of sterility, see infertility.

Common sterilization methods include:

• Vasectomy in males. The vasa deferentia, the tubes which connect the testicles to the prostate, are cut and closed. This prevents sperm produced in the testicles to enter the ejaculated semen (which is mostly produced in the seminal vesicles and prostate). Although the term 'vasectomy' is established in the general community, the correct medical terminology is deferentectomy, since the structure known as the 'vas deferens' has been renamed the ductus deferens.
• Tubal ligation in females, known popularly as "having one's tubes tied". The Fallopian tubes, which allow the sperm to fertilize the ovum and would carry the fertilized ovum to the uterus, are closed.
• The Essure procedure deploys a soft micro-insert into the fallopian tube through the cervix using a minimally invasive transcervical tubal access catheter. Once in place, the device is designed to elicit tissue growth in and around the micro-insert to form an occlusion or blockage in the fallopian tube. An Essure procedure does not require cutting or penetrating the abdomen and can be performed in a less costly procedure setting without general anesthesia. A woman is able to return home about 45 minutes after the procedure is completed. There is a three-month waiting period after the procedure during which women must use another form of birth control. The Essure procedure is 99.80% effective after four years of follow-up. The Essure procedure has been demonstrated in a small portion of the women undergoing clinical studies to be 99.74% effective based on 5 years of follow-up. Five year follow-up of all patients in clinical trials is ongoing.
• Hysterectomy in females. The uterus is surgically removed, permanently preventing pregnancy and some diseases, such as uterine cancer.
• Castration in males. The testicles are surgically removed. This is frequently used for the sterilization of animals, with added effects such as docility, greatly reduced sexual behaviour, and faster weight gain (which is desirable in some cases, for example to accelerate meat production).

[edit] Sterilization of animals

In animals, castration (removal of the testes) and salpingo-oophorectomy (removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes), called "neutering" or "spaying" when applied to pets, are used to reduce or eliminate sexual behaviour, and to prevent conception, heat and possible uterine diseases in females, potentially prolonging an animal's lifespan. Due to the hormonal changes involved with both genders, this will definitely cause minor personality changes in the animal. When these changes are undesired, a different method of sterilization can be used, such as vasectomy in males or tubal ligation in females. A typical example of this practise is when male cats are subjected to vasectomy so that they are able to mate with females, thereby "bringing them off heat" (terminating estrus). This keeps the condition of the female from deteriorating due to the extra energy that is expended during estrus. A vasectomized male cat is called a "teaser tom" by cat breeders.

Animal control organizations urge owners who do not keep animals for the specific purpose of breeding from them to have their pets spayed or neutered in order to prevent an increase in the population of stray animals. These stray animals are often malnourished, and are frequently euthanized by animal welfare societies.

[edit] See also

• Eugenics
• Compulsory sterilization
• Male hormonal contraceptive
• Intra vas device

[edit] External links

• Vasectomy Information —The website of newsgroup alt.support.vasectomy.
• My Vasectomy in Words and Pictures —One man's personal experience.
• The male reproductive system after vasectomy - diagram
• Vasectomy Reversal Resource
• Female Sterilization Options - Patient Education (womenshealthchannel)

cs:Sterilizace (lékařství)

da:Sterilisation de:Sterilisation (Empfängnisverhütung) es:Esterilización (medicina) fr:Ligature des trompes it:Sterilizzazione (medicina) lt:Sterilizacija (kontracepcija) nl:Sterilisatie (vruchtbaarheid) pl:Ubezpłodnienie pt:Esterilização (sexual) simple:Sterilisation sr:Стерилизација fi:Sterilointi