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A temporary capital or a provisional capital is a country or a town chosen by a government as an interim base of operations due to some difficulty in establishing control in another metropolitan area.

Examples include:

• During World War II due to evacuation actions Soviet Union has different de facto capitals:
  • Kuybyshev (now Samara) — planned temporary capital in case of occupation of Moscow and de facto temporary administrative and diplomatic capital
  • Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg) — de facto temporary industrial capital
  • Kazan — de facto temporary scientific capital
  • Tyumen — de facto temporary spiritual capital
• The Pan-Russian "White" regime of A.Kolchak in Omsk
• The post-Kuomintang powers of Republic of China in Taipei, rather than Nanjing
• The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic in Bir Lehlou, rather than El Aaiún, Western Sahara, but with its de facto headquarters in Tindouf, Algeria.
• The government of Somalia in various locations within their territory and Kenya, rather than Mogadishu.
• Lithuania in Kaunas rather than Vilnius during the interwar period when Poland controlled the latter city (see Temporary capital of Lithuania).ru:Временные столицы