Tuscany

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**Regione Toscana**
Image:Toscana-Bandiera2.png

Capital	Florence
President	Claudio Martini (DS-Union)
Provinces	Arezzo Firenze Grosseto Livorno Lucca Massa-Carrara Pisa Pistoia Prato Siena
Comuni	287 communes
Area	22,990 km²
- Ranked	5th (7.6 %)
Population (2006 est.) - Total - Ranked - Density	3,619,872 9th (6.2 %) 157/km²
Image:Provinces of Tuscany map.png
Map highlighting the location of Toscana in Italy

Image:Moonfeld toscana.jpg

Tuscany (Italian Toscana) is a region in central Italy, bordering on Latium to the south, Umbria and Marche to the east, Emilia-Romagna and Liguria to the north, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west. It is often regarded as among the most beautiful parts of Italy.

Tuscany was the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance, and its artistic heritage includes architecture, painting and sculpture, collected in dozens of museums, the best-known of which is the Uffizi and the Bargello in Florence, but also in many other towns and cities in the region.

Image:Tuscany tree.jpg

Tuscany was the birthplace of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Dante Alighieri ("the father of the Italian language"). Tuscany is known for its wines (most famous of which are Chianti, Morellino di Scansano and Brunello di Montalcino) and has 120 protected regions (nature reserves).

Notable tourist destinations in Tuscany include Florence, Siena, San Gimignano, Arezzo, Pisa, Lucca, Barga, the Maremma, the Crete Senesi, the Lunigiana and Garfagnana areas, and the island of Elba.

1 History
2 Economy
3 Provinces of Tuscany
4 Landscapes
5 Image gallery
6 See also
7 Citations
8 References
9 External links
- 9.1 Photo galleries

[edit] History

Main article: History of Tuscany

[edit] Apennine and Villanovan cultures.

Main articles: Apennine culture and Villanovan culture

The pre-Etruscan history of the area in the late Bronze and Iron ages parallels that of the early Greeks.<ref name="Barker_5">Barker 2000, p. 5</ref> The Tuscan area was inhabited by peoples of the so-called Apennine culture in the late second millennium BCE (roughly 1350–1150 BCE) who had trading relationships with the Minoan and Mycenaean civilisations in the Aegean Sea.<ref name="Barker_5" /> Following this the Villanovan culture (1100–700 BCE) came about which saw Tuscany, and the rest of Etruria, taken over by chiefdoms (as was also the case at this time in France and the Aegean after the collapse of Mycenae and Troy).<ref name="Barker_5" /> City states developed in the late Villanovan (again paralleling Greece and the Aegean) before "Orientalization" occurred and the Etruscan civilisation rose.<ref name="Barker_5" />

[edit] Etruscans

Main article: Etruscan civilisation

The Etruscans were the first major civilisation in this region of Italy; large enough to lay down a transport infrastructure, implement agriculture and mining, and produce vivid art.<ref name="Jones_2">Jones 2005, p. 2</ref> The people who formed the civilisation lived in the area (called Etruria) well into prehistory.<ref name="Barker_5" /> The civilisation grew to fill the area between the rivers Arno and Tiber from the eighth century BCE, reaching their peak during the seventh and sixth centuries BCE, and finally ceded all power and territory to the Romans by the first century BCE.<ref name="Barker_1">Barker 2000, p. 1</ref> Throughout their existence, they lost territory to the surrounding civilisations of Greece, Carthage and Gaul.<ref name="Jones_2" /> Despite being described as distinct in its manners and customs by contemporary Greeks,<ref name="Barker_4">Barker 2000, p. 4</ref> the cultures of Greece, and later Rome, influenced the civilisation to a great extent and this increasing lack of cultural distinction, including the adoption of the Etruscan upper class by the Romans,<ref name="Jones_2" /> was one of the reasons for its eventual demise.<ref name="Barker_1" />

[edit] Romans

Soon after absorbing Etruria, Rome established the cities of Lucca, Pisa, Siena, and Florence, endowed the area with new technologies and development, and ensured peace.<ref name="Jones_2" /> These developments included extensions of the existing transport infrastructure, introduction of aquaducts and sewers, and the construction of many buildings, both public and private.<ref name="Jones_2" />. The Roman civilization finally collapsed in the fifth century CE and the region was left by the Goths, and others, without control. In the sixth century, the Longobards arrived and designated Lucca their capital.<ref name="Jones_2" />

[edit] The medieval period

With pilgrims travelling along the Via Francigena between Rome and France came wealth and development during the mediæval period.<ref name="Jones_2" /> The food and shelter needed by these travellers fuelled the growth of new communities around churches and taverns.<ref name="Jones_2" /> The conflict between the Guelphs and Ghibellines, factions supporting, respectively, the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in central and northern Italy during the 12th and 13th centuries, split the Tuscan people.<ref name="Jones_2" />

These two factors gave rise to several powerful and rich communes in Tuscany: Arezzo, Florence, Lucca, Pisa, and Siena.<ref name="Jones_2" /> The balance between these communes were ensured by the assets they held; Pisa, a port; Siena, banking; and Lucca, banking and silk.<ref name="Jones_3">Jones 2005, p. 3</ref> By the renaissance, however, Florence succeeded in becoming the cultural capital of Tuscany and ensured a bright, and peaceful, future for the region.<ref name="Jones_3" />

[edit] Economy

The region is noted for the production of wine, notably Chianti, one of the most famous wines in Italy. Other agricultural products include Chianina cattle (particularly the famous "Fiorentina" steak) and the production of olive oil, principally in Lucca and the surrounding hills. Tourism is the economic backbone of the so-called "Cities of Art" (Florence, Lucca, Pisa, Siena, San Gimignano), as well as on the coast and in the isles (Elba). Marble is quarried in Versilia (Massa and Carrara), Garfagnana and in the Alpi Apuane.