Tyrian purple

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Tyrian purple (Greek: πορφύρα, porphura), also known as royal purple or imperial purple, is a purple-red dye made by the ancient Canaanites/Phoenicians in the city of Tyre, from a mucus-secretion of the hypobranchial gland of a marine snail known as the Murex brandaris or the Spiny dye-murex.

The Phoenicians also made a purple-blue indigo dye, called royal blue or hyacinth purple, which was made from a related species of marine snail, called the Murex trunculus or the Banded dye-murex.

Tyrian purple was expensive: the fourth-century BCE historian Theopompus reported, "Purple for dyes fetched its weight in silver at Colophon" in Asia Minor.<ref>Theopompus, cited by Athenaeus (12:526) around 200 BCE; according to Gulick, Charles Barton 1941. Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</ref>

The fast, non-fading dye was an item of luxury trade, prized by Romans, who used it to colour ceremonial robes. Pliny the Elder described the dyeing process of two purples in his Natural History<ref>Pliny the Elder, The Natural History (eds. John Bostock, H.T. Riley) Book IX. The Natural History of Fishes. Chapters 60-65. [1]</ref>:

... the Tyrian hue ... is considered of the best quality when it has exactly the colour of clotted blood, and is of a blackish hue to the sight, but of a shining appearance when held up to the light; hence it is that we find Homer speaking of "purple blood."

The ancient method for mass-producing the two murex dyes has not yet been successfully reconstructed, but this special "blackish clotted blood" color, which was prized above all others, is believed to be achieved by double-dipping the cloth, once in the indigo dye of H. trunculus and once in the purple-red dye of M. brandaris.

The Roman mythographer Julius Pollux, writing in the second century BC, asserted (Onomasticon I, 45–49) that the purple dye was first discovered by Heracles, or rather, by his dog, whose mouth was stained purple from chewing on snails along the coast of the Levant. Recently, the archaeological discovery of substantial numbers of Murex shells on Crete suggests that the Minoans may have pioneered the extraction of Royal purple centuries before the Tyrians. Dating from colocated pottery, suggests the dye may have been produced during the Middle Minoan period in the 20th–18th century BC.<ref>Reese, David S. (1987). "Palaikastro Shells and Bronze Age Purple-Dye Production in the Mediterranean Basin," Annual of the British School of Archaeology at Athens, 82, 201-6).</ref><ref>Stieglitz, Robert R. (1994), "The Minoan Origin of Tyrian Purple," Biblical Archaeologist, 57, 46-54.</ref>

The main chemical constituent of the Tyrian dye was discovered by Paul Friedländer in 1909 to be 6,6′-dibromoindigo, a substance that had previously been synthesized in 1903. However, it has never been synthesized commercially.<ref> "Indigo". Encyclopædia Britannica (15th) V: 338. (1981). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ISBN 0-85229-378-X.</ref><ref>Cooksey C. J. (2001). "Tyrian purple: 6,6’-Dibromoindigo and Related Compounds". Molecules 6 (9): 736-769.</ref>

1 Web colour
2 References
3 See also
4 External links

[edit] Web colour

Tyrian Purple
— Color coordinates —
Hex triplet		#66023C
RGB^B	(r, g, b)	(102, 2, 60)
CMYK^H	(c, m, y, k)	(, , , )
HSV	(h, s, v)	(°, %, %)
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

The true colour of Tyrian purple, like most high chroma pigments, cannot be accurately displayed on a computer display, nor are ancient reports entirely consistent, but these swatches give an indication of the likely range in which it appeared:

_________

This is the sRGB colour #990024, intended for viewing on an output device with a gamma of 2.2. It is a representation of RHS colour code 66A <ref>"RHS, UCL and RGB Colors, gamma = 1.4, fan 2", Azalea Society of America website [2] (this gives the RGB value #b80049, which has been converted to #990024 for the sRGB gamma of 2.2)</ref>, which has been equated to "Tyrian red" <ref>Buck, G. Buck Rose Website, Page 5 [3]</ref>, a term which is often used as a synonym for Tyrian purple.