United States presidential election, 1884
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The U.S. presidential election of 1884 featured excessive mudslinging and personal acrimony. On November 4, 1884, New York Governor Grover Cleveland narrowly defeated Republican US Senator James G. Blaine of Maine to become the first Democrat elected to the Presidency since the election of 1856, before the American Civil War. New York decided the election, awarding Governor Cleveland the state's 36 electors by a margin of just 1047 of 1,167,003 votes cast.
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[edit] Nominations
[edit] Republican Party
Although he almost certainly would have won the Republican nomination, incumbent President Chester A. Arthur did not seek it in 1884. Suffering quite privately from Bright's disease, he would die less than two years later.
The Republicans convened in Chicago with US Senator and former Speaker of the House James G. Blaine of Maine, President Chester Arthur, and Senator George F. Edmunds of Vermont leading the contest. Blaine led on the first ballot, with Arthur in second, and Edmunds in third. This order did not change on successive ballots as Blaine increased his lead, and he won a majority on the fourth ballot.
After nominating Blaine, the convention chose Senator John A. Logan of Illinois as the vice-presidential nominee.
[edit] Democratic Party
The Democratic Party convention (also in Chicago) chose New York Governor Grover Cleveland as its Presidential nominee. He defeated a host of candidates who failed to claim the nomination in previous attempts, including Thomas F. Bayard, Thomas A. Hendricks, Allen G. Thurman, and Samuel J. Randall. Thomas A. Hendricks, however, did get the nomination for Vice President of the United States.
[edit] Greenback Party
The Greenback Labor Party dropped “Labor” from its name and chose Civil War hero Benjamin Franklin Butler as its Presidential nominee and Absolom M. West for Vice President.
[edit] Prohibition Party
The Prohibitionists chose their third Presidential ticket with John St. John for President and William Daniel for Vice President. The straightforward single-issue Prohibition Party platform advocated for the criminalization of alcoholic beverages.
[edit] General election
[edit] Campaign
The issue of personal character marked this campaign. Former Speaker of the House James G. Blaine, had been prevented from getting the Republican presidential nomination during the previous two elections because of the stigma of the “Mulligan letters”: in 1876, a Boston bookkeeper named James Mulligan had located some letters showing that Blaine had sold his influence in Congress to various businesses. In just one deal, he had received $110,150 from the Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad for, among other things, securing a federal land grant. New York Governor Grover Cleveland, on the other hand, was known as “Grover the Good” for his personal integrity; in the space of the three previous years he had become, successively the Mayor of Buffalo and then the Governor of the state, cleaning up large amounts of Tammany Hall's graft.
Thus, it was a huge shock when, on July 21st, the Buffalo Evening Telegraph reported that Cleveland had fathered a child out of wedlock, that the child had gone to an orphanage, and that the mother had been driven to an asylum. Cleveland's campaign decided that candor was the best approach to this scandal: they admitted that Cleveland had formed an “illicit connection” with the mother and that a child had been born and given the Cleveland surname. They also noted that there was no proof that Cleveland was the father, and claimed that, by assuming responsibility and finding a home for the child, he was merely doing his duty. Finally, they showed that the mother had not been forced into an asylum; her whereabouts were unknown. The Cleveland campaign's approach worked and the race remained close through Election Day. In fact, many Republican reformers, put off by Blaine's scandals, worked for the election of Cleveland; these reformers were known as “Mugwumps”.
In the final week of the campaign, Blaine's campaign suffered a catastrophe. A group of New York preachers visited Blaine and made a speech castigating the Mugwumps. Their spokesman, the Rev. Dr. Samuel Burchard, made this fatal statement: “We are Republicans, and don't propose to leave our party and identify ourselves with the party whose antecedents have been rum, Romanism, and rebellion.” Blaine did not notice Burchard's anti-Catholic slur, nor did the assembled newspaper reporters, but a Democratic operative did, and Cleveland's campaign managers made sure that it was widely publicized. The statement energized the Catholic vote in New York City heavily against Blaine, costing him New York state and the election.
[edit] Results
| Presidential Candidate | Party | Home State | Popular Vote | Electoral Vote | Running Mate | Running Mate's Home State | Running Mate's Electoral Vote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Count | Percentage | |||||||
| Grover Cleveland | Democratic | New York | 4,874,621 | 48.5% | 219 | Thomas Andrews Hendricks | Indiana | 219 |
| James Gillespie Blaine | Republican | Maine | 4,848,936 | 48.2% | 182 | John Alexander Logan | Illinois | 182 |
| Benjamin Franklin Butler | Greenback/Anti-Monopoly | Massachusetts | 175,096 | 1.7% | 0 | Absolom Madden West | Mississippi | 0 |
| John Pierce St. John | Prohibition | Kansas | 147,482 | 1.5% | 0 | William Daniel | Maryland | 0 |
| Other | 3,619 | 0.0% | 0 | Other | 0 | |||
| Total | 10,049,754 | 100.0% | 401 | Total | 401 | |||
| Needed to win | 201 | Needed to win | 201 | |||||
Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. 1884 Presidential Election Results. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections (July 27, 2005).
Source (Electoral Vote): Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996. Official website of the National Archives. (July 31, 2005).
[edit] See also
- American election campaigns in the 19th Century
- History of the United States (1865–1918)
- President of the United States
- Third Party System
[edit] References
- (1971) Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed.: History of American Presidential Elections (4 vols.).
- Josephson, Matthew (1938). The Politicos: 1865–1896.
- Keller, Morton (1977). Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America.
- Kleppner, Paul (1979). The Third Electoral System 1853-1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures.
- Morgan, H. Wayne (1969). From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877–1896.
- Rhodes, James Ford (1920). History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Roosevelt-Taft Administration (8 vols.).
- Silbey, Joel (1991). The American Political Nation, 1838–1893.
[edit] Primary sources
- (1882) The Republican Campaign Text Book for 1884. Republican Congressional Committee.
[edit] External links
- 1884 popular vote by counties
- Wrong way elections table at the Center for Range Voting
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