United States presidential election, 1952
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The U.S. presidential election of 1952 took place after over two years of stalemate in the Korean War and a volatile economy. Incumbent President Harry S. Truman decided not to run, so the Democratic Party instead nominated Governor Adlai Stevenson of Illinois. The Republican Party countered with war hero General Dwight D. Eisenhower and won in a landslide, ending twenty years of Democratic control of the White House.
Contents |
[edit] Nominations
[edit] Republican Party nomination
The fight for the Republican nomination was largely between General Dwight D. Eisenhower, as candidate of the party's more moderate eastern establishment (led by New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey, the party's nominee in 1944 and 1948), and Senator Robert A. Taft of Ohio, the candidate of the more conservative party regulars in the Midwest. The primaries had been split fairly evenly between the two men, and the nomination came down to the wire, and the balloting went like this:
| Dwight D. Eisenhower | 595 | 845 |
|---|---|---|
| Robert A. Taft | 500 | 280 |
| Governor Earl Warren of California | 81 | 77 |
| former Minnesota Governor Harold Stassen | 20 | — |
| Douglas MacArthur | 67.5 | *4 |
Ultimately Eisenhower won the nomination based largely on the perception that he was a sure winner. Eisenhower chose as his running mate Senator Richard Nixon of California, best known for his pursuit of Alger Hiss, and a crucial force in getting many of Taft's delegates thrown out of the convention in an underhanded credentials fight.
[edit] Democratic Party nomination
The obvious candidate for the Democratic nomination was incumbent President Harry S. Truman. He was still eligible to the presidency in spite of the 1951 passage of the 22nd Amendment — which limited Presidents to two terms — because of that amendment's grandfather clause. Truman entered 1952 with his popularity plummeting, according to polls. The Korean War was dragging into its third year, Senator Joseph McCarthy's anti-Communist crusade was stirring public fears of an encroaching “Red Menace”, and the disclosure of widespread corruption among federal employees rocked the administration.
Truman's main opponent was Tennessee Senator Estes Kefauver, who had chaired a nationally televised investigation of organized crime in 1951 and was known as a crusader against crime and corruption. The Gallup poll of February 15 showed the weakness of an incumbent: nationally Truman was the choice of only 36% of the Democrats, compared with 21% for Kefauver. Among independent voters, however, Truman had only 18% while Kefauver led with 36%. In the New Hampshire primary Kefauver won the preference poll 19,800 to 15,927 and all eight delegates, making him the front runner. Kefauver graciously said that he did not consider his victory "a repudiation of Administration policies, but a desire...for new ideas and personalities." Truman soon announced that he would not seek re-election.
The Democratic Party was now largely demoralized, associated with the unpopularity of the Truman administration and lacking any obvious candidates. While Kefauver went on to win most of the other primaries, most states still chose their delegates by state conventions, leaving party leaders in a position to choose the eventual nominee. Besides Kefauver, the leading contenders for the nomination were Averell Harriman of New York (Truman's pick[citation needed]); Senator Richard Russell of Georgia as the candidate of the southern bloc; and Governor Adlai Stevenson of Illinois, who emerged as the choice of the mainline party leadership. Other minor or favorite son candidates included Oklahoma Senator Robert Kerr, Vice President Alben Barkley, Governor Paul A. Dever of Massachusetts, Senator Hubert H. Humphrey of Minnesota, and Senator J. William Fulbright of Arkansas.
Governor Adlai Stevenson had repeatedly declined to run but was eventually drafted as the Democratic nominee on the strength of his eloquent keynote speech at the convention.
The balloting went like this:
| ballot; | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estes Kefauver | 340 | 362.5 | 275 | |
| Adlai Stevenson | 273 | 324 | 617 | |
| Richard B. Russell | 268 | 294 | 261 | |
| W. Averell Harriman | 126 | 121 | - | |
| Robert S. Kerr | 65 | 9 | - | |
| Vice President Alben W. Barkley | 49 | 78 | 67.5 | |
| a certain Mr. Williams | 40 | - | - | |
| Paul A. Dever | 30 | 30 | 0.5 | |
| Hubert H. Humphrey | 26 | - | - | |
| J. William Fulbright | 22 | - | - | |
| a certain Mr. McMahn | 16 | - | - | |
| a certain Mr. Murry | 12 | - | - | |
| President Truman | 6 | 6 | 3 | |
| Paul Douglas | 4 | 1 | 3 | |
| William O. Douglas | 3.5 | 3 | - |
To placate the south at the nomination of a northern liberal, conservative Alabama Senator John J. Sparkman was chosen as Stevenson's running mate.
[edit] General election
[edit] Campaign
Eisenhower campaigned by attacking Korea, Communism and Corruption--that is, the failures of the outgoing Administration, and promising to go to Korea and resolve the war. His enormous popularity as a World War II commander made him the leader throughout the campaign.
Both campaigns made use of television ads. A notable ad for “Ike” Eisenhower was an issue-free feel-good animated cartoon with a soundtrack song by Irving Berlin called I Like Ike.
One notable event of the campaign was a scandal that emerged when Vice Presidential candidate Nixon was accused of receiving various undeclared gifts from wealthy contributors. It must here be said that the democratic presidential nominee Adlai Stevenson had problems with his own campaign contributions. For a while it appeared that Nixon might be dropped from the campaign, but he gave a tearful televised speech (the “Checkers Speech”) in which he defended his political expenses and told the public about a dog named “Checkers” that he had received from a contributor, and how much his children loved it. This speech defused the issue and recovered Nixon's support.
The election was held on November 4, 1952, and Eisenhower won a decisive victory, sweeping every region but the South.
[edit] Results
| Presidential Candidate | Party | Home State | Popular Vote | Electoral Vote | Running Mate | Running Mate's Home State | Running Mate's Electoral Vote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Count | Percentage | |||||||
| Dwight David Eisenhower | Republican | New York | 34,075,529 | 55.2% | 442 | Richard Milhous Nixon | California | 442 |
| Adlai Ewing Stevenson II | Democratic | Illinois | 27,375,090 | 44.3% | 89 | John Jackson Sparkman | Alabama | 89 |
| Vincent Hallinan | Progressive | California | 140,746 | 0.2% | 0 | Charlotta Bass | New York | 0 |
| Stuart Hamblen | Prohibition | 73,412 | 0.1% | 0 | Enoch Holtwick | Illinois | 0 | |
| Other | 87,165 | 0.1% | 0 | Other | 0 | |||
| Total | 61,751,942 | 100.0% | 531 | Total | 531 | |||
| Needed to win | 266 | Needed to win | 266 | |||||
Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. 1952 Presidential Election Results. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections (August 1, 2005).
Source (Electoral Vote): Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996. Official website of the National Archives. (August 1, 2005).
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Paul T. David; Presidential Nominating Politics in 1952 . Volume: 1954. v1 is summary; vol 2-5 detail every state
- (1972) Gallup, George H. (ed.): The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1935–1971, 3 vols., Random House.
- Divine, Robert A. (1974). Foreign Policy and U.S. Presidential Elections, 1952–1960.
[edit] External links
- 1952 popular vote by counties
- 1952 State-by-state Popular vote
- The Decision Not to Run in 1952, an excerpt from a Truman biography from a University of Virginia
- The Living Room Candidate: Presidential Campaign Commercials: 1952–2004
- "It's a Free Country", Time Magazine, 1952-09-01. Retrieved on 2006-10-03.
[edit] Navigation
| United States Presidential Elections |
|---|
| 1789 • 1792 • 1796 • 1800 • 1804 • 1808 • 1812 • 1816 • 1820 • 1824 • 1828 • 1832 • 1836 • 1840 • 1844 • 1848 • 1852 • 1856 • 1860 • 1864 • 1868 • 1872 • 1876 • 1880 • 1884 • 1888 • 1892 • 1896 • 1900 • 1904 • 1908 • 1912 • 1916 • 1920 • 1924 • 1928 • 1932 • 1936 • 1940 • 1944 • 1948 • 1952 • 1956 • 1960 • 1964 • 1968 • 1972 • 1976 • 1980 • 1984 • 1988 • 1992 • 1996 • 2000 • 2004 • 2008 See also: House • Senate • Governors |
it:Elezioni Presidenziali degli Stati Uniti del 1952 fi:Yhdysvaltain presidentinvaalit 1952
