Verkhovna Rada
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Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Верховна Рада України; English: Supreme Council) is the official name of Ukraine's unicameral parliament.
The national Verkhovna Rada should not be confused with the Crimean Verkhovna Rada, the legislature of Ukraine's Autonomous Republic of Crimea.
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[edit] Name
The name as a whole originates from a Soviet political tradition where a vertical system of Soviets (councils, rady) existed.
Verkhovna, an adjective of feminine gender, is a neologism of the second quarter of the 20th century. It was borrowed from Russian and means "supreme". However, few native speakers will now recognize its foreign origin.
Rada, a noun of feminine gender, is an authentic Ukrainian word meaning "council", which has common root with Latin ratio. Since at least Middle Ages it signifies a group of individuals who gathered for the purpose of electing an official or enacting legislation.
[edit] History
The first convocation of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukrainian SSR) assembled for the first session in 1938.
The Verkhovna Rada of Ukrainian SSR of the twelfth convocation proclaimed the state sovereignty of Ukraine on July 16, 1990, and declared Ukraine's independence and the creation of the Ukrainian State on August 24, 1991, at approximately 6pm local time.
The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of the thirteenth convocation adopted the Constitution of Ukraine on June 28, 1996, at approximately 9am local time.
The parliament of the fourteenth convocation officially changed the numbering of the convocations proclaiming itself the Verkhovna Rada of the third convocation.
The Verkhovna Rada of the fourth (fifteenth) convocation amended the Constitution on December 8, 2004.
[edit] Meeting place
The parliament meets in a neo-classical building on Kiev's Hrushevskoho St., which adjoins a picturesque park and the rastrelliesque 18th century Mariyinsky Palace (the ceremonial residence of the President).
Facade of the building |
The front door |
Back of the building |
Facade, 2005 |
Verkhovna Rada of Ukrainian SSR. 1938 |
Inside, April 2004 |
Inside, January 2005 Inauguration |
[edit] Mission and authority
The Verkhovna Rada is the sole body of legislative power in Ukraine. The parliament determines the principles of domestic and foreign policy, introduces amendments to the constitution, adopts laws, approves the state budget, designates elections of the President of Ukraine, impeaches the president, declares war and peace, gives consent to the appointment of the Prime Minister of Ukraine, appoints or approves appointment of certain officials, appoints one-third of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, elects judges for permanent terms, ratifies and denounces international treaties, and exercises certain control functions.
[edit] Composition
The Verkhovna Rada is a unicameral legislature with 450 deputies (Ukrainian singular: народний депутат, narodnyy deputat) elected on the basis of equal and direct universal suffrage through a secret ballot.
The deputies possess a full personal legal immunity during the term of office. On the one hand, this may help certain individuals avoid criminal responsibility; on the other hand, the immunity serves as a guarantee for the existence of political opposition. In cases of egregious malfeasance, the Prosecutor General of Ukraine or the Head of the Supreme Court of Ukraine can request that a deputy's immunity be revoked.
[edit] Speakers and vice-speakers
The parliament elects from among its ranks the Chairman (Speaker, Ukrainian: Голова Верховної Ради), the First Deputy Chairman, and the Deputy Chairman.
Before the Chairman of a newly convoced Rada is elected, parliamentary meetings are presided over by members of a temporary presidium of the first session (Ukrainian: тимчасова президія першої сесії). The temporary presidium is composed of five deputies, representing four largest parliamentary fractions plus the chairman of a preparatory deputy group of the first parliamentary session, however the Rada may enact an ad hoc deviation from this composition rule.
The Chairman presides at parliamentary meetings, signs bills and sends them to the President for promulgation, signs and promulgates parliamentary acts (other than bills), organises staff work, etc. The Constitution also authorizes the Chairman to sign into law and promulgate bills vetoed by the President when the Rada by a two-thirds majority overcomes the veto, but the President still refuses to promulgate the law.
In case the post of the President of Ukraine becomes vacant, the Chairman of the Rada becomes acting head of state with limited authority. For instance, the acting president cannot disband the parliament, appoint or submit for parliamentary approval candidates for many key official posts, grant military ranks or state orders, or exercise the right of pardon. The Constitution and Ukrainian legislation contain no provisions for presidential succession in case the posts of President and Chairman of the Rada are both vacant.
[edit] Chairmen
The following table includes the Chairmen of Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (since 1991), the Chairmen of Supreme Soviet of Ukrainian SSR (1990-1991, 1938), and the Chairmen of Presidium of Supreme Soviet of Ukrainian SSR (1938-1990).
| English Name | Ukrainian Name | Date Elected | Date Resigned | Convocation No. | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oleksandr Moroz | Олександр Олександрович Мороз | July 6, 2006 | 5 (16) | ||
| Volodymyr Lytvyn | Володимир Михайлович Литвин | May 28, 2002 | May 25, 2006 | 4 (15) | |
| Ivan Plyushch | Іван Степанович Плющ | February 1, 2000 | May 14, 2002 | 3 (14) | |
| Oleksandr Tkachenko | Олександр Миколайович Ткаченко | July 7, 1998 | January 21, 2000 | 3 (14) | Elected after a 2-month long "speakeriade". Dismissed on ground of violating parliamentary session regulations |
| Oleksandr Moroz | Олександр Олександрович Мороз | May 18, 1994 | May 12, 1998 | 2 (13) | |
| Ivan Plyushch | Іван Степанович Плющ | December 5, 1991 | May 11, 1994 | 1 (12) | |
| Leonid Kravchuk | Леонід Макарович Кравчук | July 23, 1990 | December 5, 1991 | 1 (12) | Resigned as a result of election as President |
| Volodymyr Ivashko | Володимир Антонович Івашко | June 4, 1990 | July 9, 1990 | 1 (12) | Resigned as a result of election to Politburo of CPSU |
| Valentyna Shevchenko | Валентина Семенівна Шевченко | November 22, 1984 | June 4, 1990 | ||
| Oleksiy Vatchenko | Олексій Федосійович Ватченко | June 24, 1976 | November 22, 1984 | ||
| Ivan Grushetsky | Іван Самойлович Грушецький | July 28, 1972 | June 24, 1976 | ||
| Oleksandr Liashko | Олександр Павлович Ляшко | June 10, 1969 | June 1972 | ||
| Demyan Korotchenko | Дем’ян Сергійович Коротченко | July 18, 1954 | April 7, 1969 | ||
| Mykhailo Grechukha | Михайло Сергійович Гречуха | July, 1939 | January 18, 1954 | ||
| Leonid Korniyets | Леонід Романович Корнієць | July 27, 1938 | July, 1939 | ||
| Mykhailo Burmystenko | Михайло Олексійович Бурмистенко | July 25, 1938 | July 27, 1938 |
[edit] Elections
Dramatic political development of Ukraine has caused recurrent changes of the parliamentary electoral system. Each convocation of the Verkhovna Rada has been elected under a different set of laws (gradually evolving from the purely majoritarian scheme of the Soviet era to a purely proportional scheme, effective in 2006 under the transitional provisions of the constitutional amendments). The acting parliament was formed in 2002 according to a mixed majoritarian and proportional representation system. Under the election law of 2001 (as well as the previous electoral law of 1997), 225 of the Rada's seats were allocated on a proportional basis to those parties that gained 4% of the national vote in the parliamentary elections of 2002. The other 225 members were elected by popular vote in single-mandate constituencies.
[edit] Latest election
| Parties and blocs (parties and blocs with at least 1.0 % of the votes nationwide) | Votes | % | Seats | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party of Regions (Partiya Rehioniv) | 8,148,745 | 32.14 | 186 |
| Image:Block tymoschenko.JPG | Bloc Yuliya Tymoshenko (Blok Yuliy Tymoshenko)
| 5,652,876 | 22.29 | 129 |
| Image:Nascha Ukraina Logo.jpg | Bloc Our Ukraine (Blok Nasha Ukrayina)
| 3,539,140 | 13.95 | 81 |
| Image:SPULogo.gif | Socialist Party of Ukraine (Sotsialistychna Partiya Ukrayiny) | 1,444,224 | 5.69 | 33 |
| Image:Kpu logo.gif | Communist Party of Ukraine (Komunistychna Partiya Ukrayiny) | 929,591 | 3.66 | 21 |
| Image:NataliaVitrenkobloc.gif | People's Opposition Bloc of Natalia Vitrenko (Blok Natalii Vitrenko Narodna Opozytsiya)
| 743,704 | 2.93 | 0 |
| Image:Ukraine Lytvyn Bloc.JPG | Lytvyn's People's Bloc (Narodnyi Blok Lytvyna)
| 619,905 | 2.44 | 0 |
| Image:Ukraine Kostenko Plyushch Bloc.jpg | Ukrainian National Bloc of Kostenko and Plyushch (Ukrayinskyj Narodnyj Blok Kostenka i Plyushcha)
| 476,155 | 1.87 | 0 |
| Image:VicheUkrainelogo.jpeg | Viche (Council) | 441,912 | 1.74 | 0 |
| Image:Ukraine PORA-PRP.gif | "Civil Political Bloc Pora-Reforms and Order Party"
| 373,478 | 1.47 | 0 |
| Image:Elections ua 44.gif | Opposition Bloc "Ne Tak" (Opoziciyniy Blok Ne Tak)
| 257,106 | 1.01 | 0 |
| Others remaining (below 1%) | 1,785,299 | 7.04 | 0 | |
| Against all | 449,650 | 1.77 | - | |
| Invalid ballot papers | 490,595 | 1.93 | - | |
| Total | 25,352,380 | 100 | 450 | |
| Source: Central Election Commission of Ukraine (English) | ||||
[edit] Previous elections
[edit] See also
- Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
[edit] External links
- Official website of the Verkhovna Rada (With Ukraine's legislation database).
- WorldStatesmen.org, an encyclopedia of leadersde:Werchowna Rada
eo:Verĥovna Rada es:Rada Suprema fr:Verkhovna Rada he:הראדה העליונה nl:Verchovna Rada ja:ヴェルホーヴナ・ラーダ no:Verkhovna Rada pl:Rada Najwyższa Ukrainy pt:Verkhovna Rada ro:Rada Supremă ru:Верховная рада Украины uk:Верховна Рада України
