Utah Lake
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| Utah Lake, Utah | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Coordinates | |
| Lake type | Eutrophic |
| Primary sources | Provo Spanish Fork American Fork |
| Primary outflows | Jordan |
| Catchment area | 3,444 mi² (8,920 km²) |
| Basin countries | USA |
| Max-length | 23.8 mi (38.3 km) |
| Max-width | 12.7 mi (20.4 km) |
| Surface area | 96,900 acres (392 km²) |
| Average depth | 9.4 ft (2.74 m) |
| Max-depth | 14 ft (4.27 m) |
| Water volume | 902,400 acre-feet (3654.72 km³) |
| Shore length1 | 76 miles (122.3 km) |
| Surface elevation | 4,489 ft (1,368 m) |
| Islands | 1 |
| Settlements | Provo-Orem metropolitan area |
| 1 Shore length is an imprecise measure which may not be standardized for this article. | |
Utah Lake, at 96,900 surface acres (151 mi² or 392 km²), is the largest natural freshwater lake in the U.S. state of Utah<ref name="Utah DWQ">Report on Utah Lake by the Utah Division of Water Quality.</ref> and a remnant of the prehistoric Lake Bonneville,<ref name="Watershed">Utah Lake Watershed. Great Salt Lake Basin Hydrological Observatory.</ref> which covered much of the state. It drains via the Jordan River at its north end into Lake Bonneville's largest remnant, Great Salt Lake.
Endemic to the lake are the endangered June sucker and the Utah Lake sculpin, now extinct. Although 13 species of fish are native to the lake, only the June sucker and Utah sucker remain, together constituting less than one percent of the biomass.<ref name="Nonnative & Sportfish Management">Achieveing Recovery: Nonnative & Sportfish Management. June Sucker Recovery Implementation Program.</ref> By far the dominant species in the lake is the common carp, introduced in 1881 as an alternative to the overharvested native fish.<ref name=Wild Notebook: JS">June sucker: The connection between Utah Lake's endangered fish and you?. Project WILD Wildlife Review magazine, Summer issue, 2006</ref><ref name="JSRIP Carp impact">Carp In Utah Lake Impacting Ecosystem. June Sucker Recovery Implementation Program</ref> Common carp are now estimated at 90.9% of the biomass,<ref name="Nonnative & Sportfish Management"/> contributing to a decline in native fish populations by severely altering the ecosystem.<ref name="DN-Carp Advisory">Carp in Utah Lake pose health risk for humans. Jared Page, Deseret Morning News.</ref>
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[edit] Geography
Utah Lake dominates Utah Valley in north-central Utah, with major cities such as Provo and Orem hemmed between the lake's eastern shore and the Wasatch Mountains. West of the lake are the Lake Mountains and jutting into the south portion of the lake is West Mountain, which divides Goshen Bay and Lincoln Beach. Connected to the main body of the lake are two large, shallow bays: the aforementioned Goshen Bay to the south and Provo Bay to the east, where Hobble Creek enters the lake.Despite its large surface area, the lake is shallow; it has a maximum depth of 14 feet (4.27 m), and an average depth of about 9.4 feet (2.74 m). This shallowness allows winds to easily stir up sediments from the lake's bottom, contributing to the turbidity seen in Utah Lake's water.<ref name="Watershed"/>
There are several hot springs around the lake which are popular with local residents, such as those located near Lincoln Beach<ref>Lincoln Beach Warm Springs. Utah Outdoor Activities.</ref> and Saratoga Springs.<ref>Inlet Park Hot Springs. Utah Outdoor Activities.</ref>
[edit] Bird Island
The lake contains one small island, Bird Island, located about 2.25 miles north of the Lincoln Beach boat ramp, near its south end. The island has a few trees and is somewhat visible from Lincoln Beach. During high water years the island may be completely submerged, the trees being the only indication it is there. It is a fairly popular destination among fishermen seeking walleye, white bass, and channel catfish.<ref>Utah Lake's Bird Island. Utahoutdoors.com.</ref>
[edit] Hydrology
Major tributaries include the Provo River (Utah), Spanish Fork and American Fork rivers, as well as Hobble Creek, Mill Race Creek, and Currant Creek. Additionally there are many hot springs and smaller creeks which flow into the lake. Utah Lake is drained by the Jordan River, which begins at the lake's north end, where a pumping station has been created to regulate its flow. It then flows north through Utah and Salt Lake Counties into the southeast portion of Great Salt Lake.
[edit] Ecosystem
Utah Lake's wetlands are an important stopover and nesting area for migratory birds. More than 220 species of birds use these wetland areas. Utah Lake Wetland Preserve is located at the south end of the lake, in and around Goshen Bay.<ref>Utah Lake Wetlands Preserve. Utah Reclamation Mitigation Conservation Commission.</ref>
The rapidly growing population of Utah Valley threatens the future of Utah Lake. Various proposals to dike the lake's bays occasionally surface. Recent development along the lake's western shore has fueled a proposal to construct a causeway across the lake. To date, economic costs, environmental concerns, litigation and public opposition have stymied these proposals.<ref>Causeway proposal resurfaces. Sharon Haddock, Deseret Morning News.</ref>
Historically, Bonneville cutthroat trout were the predator fish in the ecosystem,<ref name="Nonnative & Sportfish Management"/> and were present in large numbers; In 1864 a commercial fisherman hauled in a single net holding between 3,500 and 3,700 pounds (1,588-1,678 kg) of trout. By 1874, laws were in place to protect Bonneville cutthroats, but commercial netting was not banned until 1897. The trout population in Utah Lake was extinct by the 1920s.<ref name="Going Native">Going native. Project WILD Wildlife Review magazine, Spring issue, 2006.</ref> Today, the primary predators in the lake are the nonnative walleye and white bass.<ref>Provo River – Utah Lake June Sucker Recovery Program. LeRoy W. Hooton, Jr., Salt Lake City Department of Public Utilities.</ref>
As of 2006, fishing regulations for Utah Lake released by the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources protect certain large-bodied nonnative predator species in the lake, such as bass and walleye;<ref name="Nonnative & Sportfish Management"/> anglers are required to release largemouth and smallmouth bass over 12 inches in length, and can take only one walleye over 20 inches.<ref>Utah Fishing Proclamation, 2006 Pg. 19, V. Provisions For Specific Waters: Utah Lake (Utah County)</ref> In an effort to control the population of white bass and walleye, the DWR places no limit on the number of white bass which can be taken, a limit of 6 fish on walleye (1 over 20 inches), and requests anglers to harvest them from the lake.<ref>Utah Fishing Proclamation, 2006 Pg. 21. "Harvesting Fish For Better Management" Utah Division of Wildlife Resources.</ref>
[edit] Endangered and extinct species
Utah lake is the home and former home to the June sucker, a critically endangered fish, and the Utah Lake sculpin, an extinct fish.
[edit] June sucker
The June sucker (Chasmistes liorus) lives naturally only in Utah Lake and the Provo River. The species was federally listed as endangered April 30, 1986. The June sucker is unique among the sucker family of fish in that it is not a bottom-feeder, but has evolved a mouth which allows it to collect zooplankton from the water. June suckers are dark gray or brownish dorsally, with a white or slightly greenish belly. They can reach a weight of 5 lb. and have a long life span of over 40 years.<ref name=Wild Notebook: JS"/>
June sucker were once abundant in Utah Lake,<ref name=Wild Notebook: JS"/> but several factors have brought the species to the brink of extinction. Some contributions to its decline include predation on its young by introduced species such as the white bass and walleye, overfishing, pollution and resulting turbidity in Utah Lake, drought, alteration of water flow, and the introduction of carp, which eat native vegetation which provides shelter for June sucker.
Biologists have been rearing the June sucker in Red Butte Reservoir and releasing them into Utah Lake to help build the population.<ref name="Red Butte fish transfers">Fish Transfers. Red Butte Dam Rehabilitation Project.</ref> During the summer of 2005, over 8,000 June sucker were released into Utah Lake.<ref>Endangered fish find new home in Utah Lake. Caleb Warnock, Daily Herald</ref>
The June Sucker Recovery Implementation Program[1] (JSRIP) coordinates and implements recovery actions for the June sucker.
[edit] Utah Lake sculpin
The Utah Lake sculpin (Cottus echinatus) was a species of freshwater sculpin which was endemic to Utah Lake. The species is believed to have disappeared during the 1930s, when a severe drought led to a rapid fall in water levels in the lake. A cold winter led to the lake freezing, resulting in the overcrowding of the remaining fish. This, along with decreased water quality from agricultural practices has been identified as the likely cause of extinction.
The Utah Lake sculpin was a benthic species (bottom dwelling), invertebrates constituting its major source of food. It was one of two lake-dwelling sculpins native to Utah (see Bear Lake sculpin).
[edit] Introduced species
At least 24 species of fish have been introduced into Utah Lake's waters, and of these, common carp (Cyprinus carpio), white bass (Morone chrysops), black bullhead (Ameriurus melas), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), and walleye (Sander vitreus) have been especially successfull.<ref name="Nonnative & Sportfish Management"/>
[edit] Carp
Introduced to the lake in 1881<ref name=Wild Notebook: JS"/> as a source of food after native species had been depleted by overfishing,<ref name="JSRIP Carp impact">Carp In Utah Lake Impacting Ecosystem. June Sucker Recovery Implementation Program</ref> the common carp has become the dominant species in the lake and has perhaps had the most detrimental effect on the lake's ecosystem.
Carp are estimated to make up 91% of the lake's biomass,<ref name="Nonnative & Sportfish Management"/> with an adult population numbering around 7.5 million. The average carp in the lake is about 5.3 pounds (2.4 kg), for a total of nearly 40 million pounds (18 143 695 kg) of carp in the lake.<ref name="DN Utah Lake Carp">Utah Lake is overrun with carp. Sara Israelsen, Deseret Morning News.</ref>
Due to their habit of grubbing through bottom sediments for food, carp stir up sediments and increase the turbidity of the water. In addition, they destroy submerged vegetation that holds sediments in place and provides shelter for native fish populations. Without vegetation, winds can more easily stir up sediment from the bottom of the lake (already a problem due to the lake's shallowness), resulting in greater turbidity and less sunlight reaching the remaining vegetation. Without cover for their young, native fish such as the June sucker become easy prey for white bass, walleye, carp, and predators.
Because carp have had such an effect on the June sucker, a large part of the work done by the JSRIP is studying means of removing or reducing the carp population.<ref name="JSRIP Carp impact"/> The program is still studying viable methods of removing carp, such as selling them as animal feed or possibly poisoning the lake. It is hoped that removal of carp and other invasive species will restore the lake to something resembling its natural state, providing a better environment for the June sucker and other native species such as the once-abundant Bonneville cutthroat trout.
[edit] PCB advisory
On May 16, 2006 a fish consumption advisory<ref name="Advisory">Fish Advisory issued for Carp in Utah Lake. Utah Department of Environmental Quality.</ref> was issued after carp in Utah Lake were found to contain more than twice the level of Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) allowed by the Environmental Protection Agency. Although the advisory has been issued, toxicologist Jason Scholl from the state health department noted that the health risks from eating carp from Utah Lake are minimal, since the levels of PCBs were below the EPA screening levels for cancer causing agents, and it would require prolonged exposure to PCBs to cause harm.<ref name="DN-Carp Advisory"/>
The fish were being tested as part of the JSRIP's efforts to reduce and control the carp population and determine if they are safe for human or animal use. Of all the chemicals tested, which included mercury, only PCBs were found in elevated levels.
Because elevated levels of PCBs were found in carp, it is feared that other fish species in the lake may also be contaminated. This summer other types of fish will be collected and analyzed. According to the advisory, "an environmental investigation will be initiated as an effort to track down and clean up the source of PCBs, if possible."
[edit] Recreational uses
Due to its close proximity to the Provo-Orem metropolitan area, Utah Lake is a fairly popular destination for many water sports, including boating, sailing, waterskiing and fishing. The main marina for Utah Lake is located in Utah Lake State Park on the eastern shore, near the location where the Provo River empties into the lake. Other marinas are located at Saratoga Springs, American Fork, Lindon, and Lincoln Beach.
The lake was more popular historically, before declining water quality made it less attractive for recreational use. Amusement resorts operated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries at Saratoga Hot Springs in the northwest corner of the lake, and at Geneva in the Northeast. Geneva (named after the owner's daughter, not the lakeside city in Switzerland) was built where the Lindon Marina is now, where the railroad came closest to the lake. It included a hotel, swimming pools, a dance floor, and water slides. It lent its name to nearby Geneva Steel.[citations needed]
[edit] Legal issues
The ownership of lands along the shoreline of Utah Lake have been in dispute between the State of Utah and farmers for many years. The bed of Utah Lake, along with other natural lakes, was granted to the state upon admission to the Union in 1896. However, due to the lack of an exact definition, and significantly fluctuating lake levels, intermittently dry areas and wetlands, including all of Provo Bay, have been claimed and farmed by surrounding land owners. Several cases have come to court since 1947, with decisions going both ways and some being settled out of court. Most recently, the U.S. District Court found in favor of the State,<ref name="court">State of Utah v. U.S. Dept of Interior. U.S. District Court for Utah, Central Division.</ref> ordering the Attorney General to delineate the 1896 shoreline using a variety of sources to solve remaining disputes.
[edit] Notes
<references/>
[edit] References
- Report on Utah Lake by the Utah Division of Water Quality.
- June Sucker Recovery Implementation Program
- Utah Lake Wetland Preserve
- UtahTravelCenter.com
- Utah.com
- Utah Division of Wildlife Resources
- Deseret Morning News
- The Salt Lake Tribune
- The Daily Herald
- Satellite image of Utah Lakecs:Utažské jezero
