Women in Refrigerators
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Women in Refrigerators (or Wir<ref>Women in Refrigerators index, March 1999, retrieved August 5 2006.</ref>) is a website that was created in 1999 by a group of comic book fans. The site features a list of female comic book characters that had been injured, killed, or depowered as a plot device within various superhero comic books. Also, the site seeks to analyze why these plot devices are used disproportionately on female characters.
The term "Women in Refrigerators" was coined by writer Gail Simone as a name for the website. It refers to an incident in Green Lantern #54 (1994), written by Ron Marz, in which the title hero comes home to his apartment to find that his girlfriend, Alex DeWitt, had been killed by the villain Major Force and stuffed in a refrigerator.<ref>The Fanzig Challenge by Michael Condon, October 2002, retrieved January 11 2006.</ref> In 2004, Marz revisited this scene. Green Lantern found what he thought to be his mother's severed head in his oven; this was later revealed to be the head of a mannequin.<ref>Green Lantern Vol. 3 #181 by dcguide.com, retrieved August 5 2006.</ref>
The list is considered “infamous” in certain comic book fan circles.<ref>Buzzscope:: Detective Comics #809 review by Guy LeCharles Gonzalez, July 2005, retrieved August 5 2006.</ref> Respondents often found different meanings to the list itself, though Simone maintained that her, "... simple point (had) always been: if you demolish most of the characters girls like, then girls won't read comics. That's it!"<ref>Email as of 4/28/99 quote from response by Gail Simone, March 28 1999, retrieved January 11 2006.</ref>
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[edit] Women in Refrigerators Syndrome
Women in Refrigerators Syndrome describes the use of the death or injury of a female comic book character as a plot device in a story starring a male comic book character. It is also used to note the depowerment or elimination of a female comic book character within a comic book universe. The term was coined in various forms via on-line discussions and articles. In one on-line article, comic book fan Lauren Dayap made mention of 'the girlfriend in the refrigerator syndrome' without explaining what the term meant.<ref>What Women Want by John Voulieris, retrieved January 14 2006.</ref> This is the closest reference linking the term 'Women in Refrigerators' to 'Syndrome' that exists on-line prior to June 2005. The terms Women in Refrigerators Syndrome and Girlfriend in Refrigerator Syndrome do not appear in the original writings on the topic at the 'WiR' website. The term 'Women in Refrigerators Syndrome' is used here strictly for clarity.
Cases of 'Women in Refrigerators Syndrome' deal with a gruesome injury or murder of a female character at the hands of a supervillain, usually as a motivating personal tragedy for a male superhero to whom the victim is connected. The death or injury of the female character then helps cement the hatred between the hero and the villain responsible.<ref>Tragic Comics by Jason Zasky, retrieved January 11 2006.</ref>
Some fans believe the trend started when Gwen Stacy, girlfriend of Spider-Man, was killed by the Green Goblin. Some fans refer to the death of female characters due to editorial reasons as Gwen Stacy Syndrome.<ref>Gwen Stacy entry at Book of the Dead by captaincomics.us, retrieved August 4 2006.</ref>
The term also emcompasses the depowerment of female comic book characters as a plot device. Examples include the loss of Negative Woman’s powers, the maiming and depowerment of 1970s-era Legion of Superheroes member Dawnstar, and the lobotomization of Rachel Summers/Phoenix II.<ref name="wir women">The List created by Gail Simone, March 1999, retrieved August 5 2006.</ref>
[edit] Brief history
Writer Gail Simone coined the term "Women in Refrigerators" in early 1999 during on-line discussions about comic books with friends. Simone then developed a character list of superheroines who had been "killed, maimed or depowered" with the help of her friends.<ref name="wir women"/> The list was then circulated via the Internet over bbs, e-mail and electronic mailing lists. Simone also e-mailed many comic book creators directly for their responses to the list.
Soon after the release of the list, many comic book fans and professionals responded. Initial reactions to the list came to Simone over e-mail. Some correspondents reacted with hostility at the creation of the list and assumed a radical feminist agenda on the part of Simone. Some responses were neutral and others were positive.<ref name="reacts">Fan Reactions by various authors, edited by Gail Simone and John Bartol, retrieved January 11 2006.</ref> Additionally, various arguments on the merits of the list were published on Internet comic book fan sites in early 1999. Different discussions developed regarding the use of gruesome injury, death and/or depowerment of friends and acquaintances of heroic comic book characters as a plot device.
[edit] Development of website
Simone decided to put the list on-line and include many of the responses she received.<ref name="reacts"/> Journalist Beau Yarbrough created the initial design and coding on the original site. Artist and business executive John Bartol edited the content. Robert Harris,<ref>http://www.gayleague.com/members/profiles/displayProfile.php?id=181</ref> a librarian and comic book fan, contributed to site maintenance and updates along with fan John Norris. The idea for placing the list on-line originated with software developer Jason Yu, who also served as the original site host.<ref>http://www.unheardtaunts.com/wir/index.html</ref>
Several contributors to the site and the original list later became comic book creators and Entertainment industry professionals, including:<ref name="reacts"/>
- Stephen Cmelak - creator of the webcomic Avatars<ref>http://www.avatarsonline.net/</ref>
- Daniel Merlin Goodbrey - digital designer and underground comicbook author, creator of the hypercomic Six-Gun: Tales from an Unfolded Earth<ref>http://www.comicbookresources.com/columns/sixgun/</ref> and the ipod comic Brain Fist<ref>http://www.e-merl.com/brain.php</ref>
- Brian Joines - writer of the independent comic The 7 Guys of Justice and as of 2006 publishing new comics through Platinum Studios<ref>http://platinumstudios.com/people/brian_joines.php</ref>
- Greg Dean Schmitz<ref>http://movies.yahoo.com/feature/aboutgreg.html</ref> – creator of UpcomingMovies.com, now known as Greg's Previews<ref>http://movies.yahoo.com/mv/upcoming/</ref>
- Gail Simone - fan favorite and author of several comic books including Birds of Prey for DC Comics<ref>http://www.dccomics.com/comics/?cm=4574</ref>
It should be noted original site editor and contributor Rob Harris was a long-time fan of the Legion of Superheroes, and created the Legion Academy student Nightwind (originally named Nightwing) through a fan submission to DC Comics.<ref name="rantman eulogy">Rant Man’s Notebook by Jim MacQuarrie, retrieved January 11 2006.</ref> The character debuted in issue 12 of The Amazing World of DC Comics.<ref>http://lsh.freeservers.com/misc-images/AmazingWorld12.jpg</ref> The character was later renamed Berta Harris in honor of her creator.<ref>Legion of Superheroes Index by Dark Mark’s Comic Indexing Domain, retrieved January 11 2006.</ref> Robert Harris died in 2004.<ref name="rantman eulogy"/> Nightwind is one of the characters from the original WiR list.<ref name="wir women"/>
[edit] Responses from fans and creators
Responses to the list varied, some denying that it represented a trend, others affirming it. Some fans argued that the incidence of injurious plot devices crossed gender lines evenly. Similarly, others argued that, regardless of gender, the supposed death of long-running characters is a common occurrence in comic books. Frequently, these characters are "resurrected" due to either high popularity or authorial whim.
In response to that line of reasoning, content editor John Bartol wrote Dead Men Defrosting and argued that when male heroes are killed or altered, they are more typically returned to their status quo.<ref name="r-jbartol2.html">Dead Men Defrosting by John Bartol, March 1999, retrieved August 5 2006.</ref> According to Bartol, after most female characters are altered they are, "never allowed, as male heroes usually are, the chance to return to their original heroic states. And that's where we begin to see the difference."<ref name="r-jbartol2.html"/>
Several comic book creators also replied, indicating that the list caused them to pause and think about the stories they were creating. Often these responses contained reasoned arguments for or against the use of death or injury of female characters as a plot device. A list of some responses from comic book professionals is included at the site.<ref>Responding Creators by various authors, edited by Gail Simone and Rob Harris, retrieved August 5 2006.</ref>
[edit] New home
After 1999, development of the site largely stopped as the topic had seemingly been thoroughly covered. The original domain of WiR passed through several hands, all of whom maintained the WiR site as an archive. In late 2005, the last domain holder let the original domain expire. The domain was then taken over by a European adult entertainment company, much to the chagrin of the content creators.
Beau Yarbrough then registered a new domain, Unheardtaunts.com, and placed the original WiR site there.<ref>http://www.unheardtaunts.com</ref> This is the only version of WiR that is endorsed by the content creators.
[edit] Women in Refrigerators in Pop Culture
Though the original list and website exist now as an archive, the term 'Women in Refrigerators' continues to spark discussion in comic book fandom on the Internet. The term and the website continue to have an impact on the comic book subculture. In 2004, the plot of the mainstream superhero comic Identity Crisis centered around the rape and murder of a female character, resulting in a resurgence of the term on Internet fan sites.
The WiR content also often sparked discussion outside of comic book fandom. In 2000, several national newspapers ran articles that referenced the site. Some of those articles are still easily found on the Internet. The articles about WiR always generated discussion on the topic of sexism in pop culture and the comic book industry.<ref>Letters Wonder women; Cool Kidd; Give it a rest by various authors, May 25 2000, published in the Dallas Observer retrieved January 15 2006.</ref> This discussion often included healthy debate by those who believe sexism exists in those realms and those who believe it doesn't. There were many mainstream references to the site in the mass media. The references even trickled down to smaller mainstream media outlets. Some universities also list the content of 'WiR' as related to analysis and critique of pop culture.<ref>http://www.wsu.edu/~amerstu/pop/comix.html</ref>
[edit] References
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