Hockey World Cup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- For other hockey World Cups, see World Cup (hockey).
The Hockey World Cup, sometimes called the Hockey World Championships, is an international field hockey competition organised by the International Hockey Federation (FIH). The tournament was started in 1971. It is held every four years, bridging the four years between the Summer Olympics.
There is also a Women's Hockey World Cup, which has been held since 1974 and was organised by the International Federation of Women's Hockey Associations (IFWHA) until 1981, when the governing bodies merged into the current International Hockey Federation.
Five countries have dominated the event's history. Pakistan is the most successful team, having won the tournament four times. The Netherlands have won three titles, and Germany has won two titles. India and Australia have each won the tournament once.
The 2006 Hockey World Cup was held at the Warsteiner HockeyPark, Mönchengladbach, Germany from September 6 to September 17. Germany won for the second time, defeating Australia 4–3 in the final.
Contents |
[edit] History
The Hockey World Cup was first conceived by Pakistan's Air Marshal Nur Khan and India's Jimmy Nagarwalla. They proposed their idea to the FIH under the name of Patrick Rowley, the first editor of World Hockey magazine. Their idea was approved on October 26, 1969, and adopted by the FIH Council at a meeting in Brussels on April 12, 1970. The FIH decided that the inaugural World Cup would be held in October 1971, in Pakistan.
However, political issues would prevent that first competition from being played in Pakistan. Pakistan and India had been at war with each other only six years earlier. When Pakistan invited India to compete in the tournament, a crisis arose. Pakistanis, led by cricketer Abdul Hafeez Kardar, protested against India's participation in the Hockey World Cup, threatening to burn down the stadium if the country's team was allowed to play. Meanwhile, they hijacked an Indian Airlines Fokker Friendship aircraft to Lahore Airport, where they set the plane on fire. In turn, Pakistan threatened that they would not participate if India hosted the tournament.
In 1971, there was also a civil war between West Pakistan and East Pakistan, now known as the Bangladesh Liberation War. This led to political instability throughout the country.
Given the intense policital climate between Pakistan and India, the FIH decided to move the tournament elsewhere. In March 1971, the FIH decided to move the first Hockey World Cup to the Real Club de Polo grounds in Barcelona, Spain, which was considered a neutral and peaceful European site. <ref>World Cup Hockey. Retrieved on August 2, 2006</ref>
The FIH has set no requirements or limitations on the size of the competition. The 1971 Cup included only ten nations, the smallest World Cup to date. The 1978 Cup featured fourteen nations. The 2002 Cup featured sixteen nations, the largest World Cup to date.
The first three tournaments were held every two years. The 1978 Cup was the only tournament held three years from the previous tournament. Since 1982, the tournament has been held every four years, halfway between the Summer Olympics field hockey competition.
[edit] Trophy
The Hockey World Cup trophy was designed by the Bashir Moojid and created by the Pakistani Army. On March 27, 1971, in Brussels, the trophy was formally handed to FIH President Rene Frank by Mr H.E Masood, the Pakistani Ambassador to Belgium. The trophy consists of a silver cup with an intricate floral design, surmounted by a globe of the world in silver and gold, placed on a high blade base inlaid with ivory. At its peak is a model hockey stick and ball. Without its base, the trophy stands 120.85 mm high. Including the base, the trophy stands 650 mm. It weighs 11,560 g, including 895 g of gold, 6815 g of silver, 350 g of ivory and 3500 g of teak wood. <ref>The World Cup - A Masterpiece. Retrieved August 15, 2006</ref>
[edit] Format
The Hockey World Cup consists of a qualification stage and a final tournament stage. The format for each stage is the same.
[edit] Qualification
The qualification stage has been a part of the Hockey World Cup since 1977. All participating teams play in the qualification round. The teams divide into two or more pools and compete for a berth in the final tournament. The top two teams are automatically qualified and the rest of the berths are decided in playoffs.
[edit] Final tournament
The final tournament features the continental champions and other qualified teams. Sometimes it also features the winners of the Summer Olympics' hockey competition or the continental runners-up. The teams divide into pools once more and play a round robin tournament. The composition of the pools is determined using the current world rankings. The top two teams in each pool play in the semifinals for a place in the final. The bottom two teams in the semifinals have a third place playoff. The rest of the teams have playoffs to determine their final positions. If they are third or fourth in their pool, they play for fifth place; if they are fifth or sixth in their pool, they play for ninth place.
[edit] Results
[edit] Summaries
[edit] Successful national teams
Twenty-four teams have qualified for a Hockey World Cup. Of these, eleven teams have made it to the semifinals. Seven teams have made it through to the finals. To date, Pakistan has been the most successful team in the World Cup, with four titles and six appearances in the final. The Netherlands have also been successful, with three titles and five appearances in the final.
Germany has been the most successful team in the World Cup in recent years. They won the tournament in 2002 and 2006. In addition, Germany has reached the semifinals in every World Cup except for the inaugural tournament in 1971.
Below is a list of teams that have finished in the top four positions in the tournament:
| Team | Titles | Runners-up | Third-place | Fourth-place |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Image:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan | 4 (1971, 1978, 1982, 1994) | 2 (1975, 1990*) | 1 (1973) | |
| Image:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands | 3 (1973*, 1990, 1998*) | 2 (1978, 1994) | 1 (2002) | 1 (1982) |
| Image:Flag of Germany.svg Germany | 2 (2002, 2006*) | 1 (1982) | 4 (1973, 1975, 1986, 1998) | 3 (1978, 1990, 1994) |
| Image:Flag of Australia.svg Australia | 1 (1986) | 2 (2002, 2006) | 4 (1978, 1982, 1990, 1994) | 1 (1998) |
| Image:Flag of India.svg India | 1 (1975) | 1 (1973) | 1 (1971) | |
| Image:Flag of Spain.svg Spain | 2 (1971*, 1998) | 1 (2006) | ||
| Image:Flag of England (bordered).svg England | 1 (1986*) | |||
| Image:Flag of South Korea (bordered).svg Korea | 2 (2002, 2006) | |||
| Image:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya | 1 (1971) | |||
| Image:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia | 1 (1975*) | |||
| Image:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg USSR# | 1 (1986) |
* host
# no longer in existence
[edit] Performance by host nations
Nine nations have hosted the Hockey World Cup. Only the Netherlands (1973 and 1998) and Germany (2006) have won the tournament as hosts. Spain, England, and Pakistan emerged as host runners-up in the 1971, 1986 and 1990 tournaments. Australia placed third when it hosted the 1994 tournament in Sydney.
[edit] Performance by continental zones
To date, the finals of the Hockey World Cup have been contested by Asian, European and Oceania continental teams. Asian and European teams are tied with five titles each. Australia is the only team from Oceania to win the tournament. The Americas is the only continental zone that has not made an appearance in a Hockey World Cup semifinal.
| Continent | Best performance |
|---|---|
| Asian | 5 titles, won by Pakistan (4) and India (1) |
| European | 5 titles, won by Netherlands (3) and Germany (2) |
| Oceania | 1 title, won by Australia |
| African | fourth place (Kenya, 1971) |
| Americas | Sixth place (Argentina, 1986) |
[edit] Team appearances
(Total appearances including 2006 tournament.)
|
|
|
# no longer in existence
[edit] See also
[edit] References
International field hockey
| ||
|---|---|---|
| ||
| ||
| ||
| Women's Hockey World Cup | ||
|
es:Campeonato mundial de hockey sobre hierba fr:Coupe du monde de hockey sur gazon masculin hr:Svjetski kup u hokeju na travi nl:Wereldkampioenschap hockey
