Youth subculture
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Youth subcultures are youth-based subcultures with distinct styles, behaviors and interests.
Characteristics include distinct clothing styles, hairstyles and footwear), dialects and slang, music genres and gathering places. Youth subcultures offer participants an identity outside of that ascribed by social institutions such as family, work, home and school.
Social class, gender and ethnicity can be important in relation to youth subcultures. Youth subcultures can be defined as meaning systems, modes of expression or lifestyles developed by groups in subordinate structural positions in response to dominant systems — and which reflect their attempt to solve structural contradictions rising from the wider societal context.<ref>Brake, Michael (1985) Comparative Youth Culture: The sociology of youth culture and youth subcultures in America, Britain and Canada,Routledge, New York</ref>
The term scene can refer to a specific subculture or movement. Scenes are distinguished from the general culture through fashion; identification with specific (sometimes obscure or experimental) musical genres or political perspectives; and an strong in-group or tribal mentality. The term can also be used to describe specific subsets of a subculture, often geographical, such as the American drum and bass scene or the London goth scene.
Some scenes tend to be volatile, reactive to trends and changes, with some participants acting elitist towards those considered to be less fashionable, or oppositional to the general culture although others do provide mutual support in marginalised groups. In-group behaviour can sometimes elicit external opposition.
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[edit] Theories of youth subculture
Early studies in youth culture were mainly produced by functionalist sociologists, and focus on youth as a single form of culture. In explaining the development of the culture, they utilised the concept of anomie. Talcott Parsons argued that as we move from the family and corresponding values to another sphere with differing values, (e.g. the workplace) we would experience an "anomic situation."[citation needed] The generalisations involved in this theory ignore the existence of subcultures.
Marxist theories account for some diversity, because they focus on classes and class-fractions rather than youth as a whole. Stuart Hall and Tony Jefferson (1993) describe youth subcultures as symbolic or ritualistic attempts to resist the power of bourgeois hegemony by consciously adopting behaviour that appears threatening to the establishment.<ref>Hall, Stuart & Jefferson, Tony (1993) Resistance Through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post-war Britain, Routledge, London</ref>
Interactionist theorist Stan Cohen argues youth subcultures are not coherent social groupings that arise spontaneously as a reaction to social forces, but that mass media labelling results in the creation of youth subcultures by imposing an ideological framework in which people can locate their behaviour.<ref>Cohen, Stan (1964) Folk Devils and Moral Panics, Paladin, London</ref>
Post-structuralist theories of subculture utilise many of the ideas from these other theories, including hegemony and the role of the media. Dick Hebdige describes subcultures as a reaction of subordinated groups that challenge the hegemony of the dominant culture.<ref>Hebdige, D. (1979) Subculture in the meaning of style, Menthuen & Co, London</ref> This theory accounts for factors such as gender, ethnicity and age. Youth can be seen as a subordinate group in relation to the dominant, adult society.
[edit] Features of youth subcultures
Some youth subcultures are mostly defined by their activities, such as bikers, skaters, and surfers.
Style and fashion play a role in all subculture groups to varying degrees. Working class youths often place greater emphasis on fashion, because it is one way they can show off what they own - whereas middle class and wealthy youths have other things to show off, such as homes, cars, and expensive stereos or technical equipment.
Most youth subculture groups can be associated with a specific music genre, and in some instances music has been the defining characteristic of the group, such as: ravers, metalheads, hip hoppers, goths and punk rockers.
Will Straw describes a music scene as "that cultural space in which a range of musical practices coexist, interacting with each other within a variety of processes of differentiation, and according to widely varying trajectories of change and cross-fertilization."<ref>Straw, Will (1991). "Systems of Articulation, Logics of Change: Communities and Scenes in Popular Music", Cultural Studies, 5, 3, pp.273, 368-88</ref>
[edit] See also
- Adolescence
- Counterculture
- High school subcultures
- Hipster
- iGeneration
- List of subcultures
- List of youth subcultures
- Subculture
- Youth culture
[edit] References
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